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363 Inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) INPs are nanocarriers based on inorganic substances that have attracted considerable attention due to their unique electrical and optical properties, biocompatibility, and low cytotoxicity

not intended as therapeutic claims.) NAD+ is frequently utilized in studies exploring: Mitochondrial energy production and oxidative metabolism Redox balance and cellular respiration mechanisms Sirtuin pathway activation in biochemical assay models DNA repair and genomic stability pathways (PARP-related studies) Metabolic function, insulin-signaling pathway mechanics, and ATP production assays Cellular stress response and oxidative-damage models Neurobiological metabolism and biochemical signaling investigations Its central role in NAD+/NADH cycling makes it a critical molecule for metabolic and biochemical research.

A study comparing GSH, GSSG, GPx and GR levels in the caudate region of the brain after death in schizophrenia patients and normal subjects showed that the schizophrenia group had significantly lower levels of GSH, GPx, and GR than the control group, which did not have any psychiatric disorders (24).The potential mechanism by which the reduced level of GSH affects the morphology of neurons may be through oxidative stress damage inducing lipid peroxidation, the protein denaturation, which further leads to cell membrane alterations and cytoskeletal changes, affecting the normal functioning of neuronal cells in the corresponding brain regions involved in schizophrenia (25)

Long-term DN often stems from innate and acquired deficiencies, leading to spleenkidney weakness