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On one hand, 16-OHE activates ER, leading to upregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (Nox)1 and Nox4 expression and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mainly superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, mediated by these enzymes

[PubMed: 18541599] 679

In addition to pyruvate-derived acetyl-CoA, -KG-derived metabolites (e.g., succinate and fumarate) generated via glutaminolysis are considered oncometabolites contributing to tumorigenesis 23

Using bioinformatics and metabolomics approach together with in vitro and in vivo gametocytogenesis assays we show that the absence of key enzymes in the transsulfuration pathway contribute to the accumulation of redox metabolites such as homocysteine, which trigger the pathway for sexual stage conversion