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While all three supplements are commonly used in fitness routines, they work differently

an L-carnitine calcium salt of the present invention is soluble in water and aqueous solutions (such as those found in the stomach and intestine) the inventors expect that ingestion of a dosage form containing an L-carnitine calcium salt of an organic acid of the present invention by a subject will beneficially increase the plasma and red blood cell carnitine concentrations and the free/total carnitine ratios

There is evidence that the B 0,+ transporter, a Na + /Cl dependent amino acid/carnitine transporter, also has a role in L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine uptake into brain [44, 4648], and into astrocytes [49, 50]

Importantly, none of these clinical trials were adequately powered, well-designed, or replicated to confirm the efficacy of these interventions conclusively