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Abbreviations ROS: reactive oxygen species

Any disruption in these structures can lead to instability or imbalance in the ocular surface system, resulting in ocular discomfort symptoms and visual disturbances (The definition, 2007

This lack of precision diluted any potential therapeutic signal

TMA-containing compound assay Trimethylamine-containing compounds were extracted from 50 l of plasma, 50 l of whole liver homogenate or from 100 l of whole brain homogenate (without the cerebellum and olfactory bulbs) by adding 10 volumes of ACN and spiking the samples with 5 l of IS mix containing 12 M d9-TMAO (CIL), 649 nM d9-TMA (CDN Isotopes), 6 M d3-L-carnitine (CIL), 329 nM d9-crotonobetaine (see Koeth et al., 2014) and 5 M d9-TML (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at the beginning of the extraction