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improves blood flow and nutrient delivery

Author Biography David Brayden is Professor of Advanced Drug Delivery at University College Dublin

Future studies should include multicenter RCTs with standardized assessment criteria (e.g., leakage classification, functional outcomes) combined with cost-effectiveness analyses to establish personalized treatment algorithms that optimize technical choices and maximize patient benefits.Advances in imaging technology and improvements in surgical techniques are expected to enhance the safety and efficacy of PVA, especially by reducing complications such as cement leakage

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