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However, under pathological conditions, astrocytes can be a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) as a result of mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired metabolism, increased glutamate, and/or reduced antioxidant generation

Dysfunction of the sphincter of Oddi, located at the opening of the common bile duct into the small intestine, is a cause in some cases of post-cholecystectomy syndrome, but more frequently the cause is an overlooked disorder outside of the biliary system, such as peptic ulcer, chronic pancreatitis, or irritable bowel syndrome, or is unknown (Tarnasky 2016

BP is rich in protein, fat, and minerals (particularly Ca, Mg, Fe, and P) and gives a nutritional value to pollen similar to or greater than dry legumes and is used as a food supplement (93, 94)

Any discrepancies were resolved by consensus or, if necessary, through consultation with a third reviewer (SF)