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Acknowledgements Not applicable Abbreviations CMAP Compound motor action potential CNS Central nervous system ECM Cone-extracellular matrix egr-1 gene Early growth response-1 gene EMG Electromyography FAK Focal adhesion kinase GLP Good laboratory practice HNE 4-Hydroxynonenal HPLC High-pressure liquid chromatography JAK-2 Janus kinase 2 LD1 Lethal dose 1 LTB4 Leukotriene B4 MPO Myeloperoxidase MPTP 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine MUP Motor unit potential naB2 Nerve growth factor 1-A binding protein-2 NSAIDs Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs SCI Spinal cord injury TXB2 Thromboxane B2 Authors contributions DP, DK, DD, GB, SS, and PS performed the experiments

Additionally, chronic exposure to PM 2.5 caused emphysematous lesions such as airspace enlargement together with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, MMP9, MMP12, and TGF-1 in lungs of COPD mice (63, 64)

Additionally, autophagy and membrane trafficking, which share common components and affect each other, play an important role in repair of cell damage and cell survival (13)